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OSPF VIRTUAL LINKS  An Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) autonomous system has all areas physically connected to the backbone area (Area 0). In some cases, if this is not possible, we can use a virtual link to connect to the backbone (Area 0) through a non-backbone area. We can also use the virtual links to connect two parts of a partitioned backbone (Area 0) through a non-backbone area. The area through which we configure the virtual link, known as a transit area, must have full routing information. Remember, the transit area cannot be a stub area. Virtual link must be configuring both sides with the same area ID and the corresponding virtual link OSPF neighbor router ID. Show IP OSPF neighbors command give you the router ID information. OSPF Transit Area from Tunnel When configuring OSPF with tunnel interfaces as transit areas, there are several important considerations to ensure proper routing functionality. Here's what you need to know: Key Concepts Transit Area : In OS...

 While all three terms involve combining multiple physical connections into a single logical link, the key difference lies in the network layer they operate on: PPP multilink functions at Layer 2, while a Layer 2 EtherChannel operates within a switch at Layer 2, and a Layer 3 EtherChannel operates at Layer 3 on a router; essentially, PPP multilink is primarily used for WAN connections, while EtherChannels are typically implemented on LANs between switches or a switch and a router depending on the layer involved.  Multilink PPP allows us to combine physical serial links into a single logical or MLP bundle. MLP is used to aggregate multiple WAN links into one logical channel for the transportation of traffic from one router to another, MLP enables the load—balancing of traffic from different links as well and allows some level of redundancy in case of line failure on a single link.MLP Supports a maximum of ten member links per bundle or single logical link. Ether-chann...

  DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) servers provide all the basic information the client wants to operate on the network, including DNS address, Default Gateway, IP addresses,  subnet masks, and many more  in detail. In this lab, we have one switch and 16 PCs. Our task is to assign all the PCs to their VLANs and configure the DHCP server for all VLANs. Ultimately, ensure all the PCs get their IP addresses from the DHCP server.  configure the topology as per the diagram configure VLAN 10,20,30, and 40 assign ports to their VLANs  configure IP addresses for VLANs  VLAN 10 192.168.1.1/24 VLAN 20 192.168.2.1/24 VLAN 30 192.168.3.1/24 VLAN 40 192.168.4.1/24 configure DHCP server for all VLANs ensure that all PCs get IPs verify with show commands configure IP routing command  SW-dhcp-(config)#vlan 10 SW-dhcp-(config-vlan)#name vlan10 SW-dhcp-(config-vlan)#exit SW-dhcp-(config)#vlan 20 SW-dhcp-(config-vlan)#name vlan20 SW-dhcp-(config-vlan)#e...

  Route Reflector Cluster A BGP-enabled router or BGP speakers. By default BGP speaker routers do not advertise iBGP-learned prefixes to iBGP peer routers - this has to be done to maintain loop prevention. RFC4456 introduces the route reflection feature which helps to remove the need of full mesh configuration between iBGP speakers routers. When the route reflector reflects a route, it creates and modifies an optional non-transitive attribute called CLUSTER_LIST by adding its own cluster ID to it. This attribute is used for loop prevention: when a BGP router receives update which CLUSTER_LIST contains router's own cluster ID, this update is discarded. Route reflector Route Reflector scalable alternative to an ibgp full mesh its allow a  BGP speaker (route reflector –RR) to advertise route received from an ibgp peer to other ibgp peers. note:client update server. Server update to all the remaining clients. All client should establish neighbor with only servers . client will...

  Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the protocol underlying the global routing system of the internet. Here’s a detailed breakdown: Purpose: BGP is designed to exchange routing information between different autonomous systems (AS), which are large networks or groupings of networks under a common administration. Types: EBGP (External BGP): Manages the exchange of routing information between autonomous systems. IBGP (Internal BGP): Manages the exchange of routing information within a single autonomous system External Border Gateway Protocol (EBGP) is an extension of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) used for communication between different autonomous systems (AS). Here are some key points about EBGP: Interconnectivity: EBGP enables network connections between distinct autonomous systems, such as those of different organizations or Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Global Internet: It serves as the primary protocol for global Internet connectivity, allowing networks...